IEA 98→BSA 101

IEA 98 to BSA 101: Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc

Section 98 IEA (1872) replaced by Section 101 BSA (2023)

View IEA Section 98 →View BSA Section 101 →

IEA 98 to BSA 101 at a Glance

Section 98 IEA (Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc) is now Section 101 BSA, in force from 1 July 2024. Only the section number changed.

What Changed From IEA 98 to BSA 101?

Section 98 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 became Section 101 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 on 1 July 2024. No substantive change. "Provincial" reads "regional".

IEA 98 vs BSA 101: Comparison Table

AspectIEA 1872 (repealed)BSA 2023 (in force)
Section98101
HeadingEvidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etcSame

IEA 98 and BSA 101: Bare Act Text Side by Side

IEA 1872 (repealed)

Section 98, IEA 1872

98. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.—Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and provincial expressions, of abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense. Illustration A, sculptor, agrees to sell to B, “all my mods”. A has both models and modelling tools. Evidence may be given to show which he meant to sell.
BSA 2023 (in force)

Section 101, BSA 2023

101. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.—Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and regional expressions, of abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense. Illustration. A, sculptor, agrees to sell to B, “all my mods”. A has both models and modelling tools. Evidence may be given to show which he meant to sell.

When It Applies: IEA 98 vs BSA 101

Under IEA 98
  1. Characters in the text are illegible or are not intelligible to ordinary readers.
  2. The language includes expressions that are foreign, obsolete, or technical, or expressions that are local or provincial.
  3. The text contains abbreviations.
  4. Words are used with a special or peculiar meaning.
Under BSA 101
  1. Characters in the text are illegible or are not intelligible to ordinary readers.
  2. The language includes expressions that are foreign, obsolete, or technical, or expressions that are local or regional.
  3. The text contains abbreviations.
  4. Words are used with a special or peculiar meaning.

What IEA 98 to BSA 101 Means in Practice

Section 98 IEA became Section 101 BSA on 1 July 2024 with no substantive change, and the word provincial reads regional. Because the same rule applies, a person in court should cite Section 101 BSA for matters governed by the BSA.

Disclaimer: This comparison is for informational purposes only. The new criminal laws came into effect on 1 July 2024. Consult a qualified advocate for legal advice.

Sources: Indian Evidence Act, 1872 · Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ·